Postmodernist Trends in Projects by Ashton Raggatt McDougall

Contemporary architecture has a range of characteristic features, such as; the collision of different styles, the expression of ideas in shapes, the use of cutting-edge technologies, experiments with materials and colors, energy efficiency, interaction between indoor and outdoor space, and other peculiar trends. At the same time, contemporary architecture has one more important characteristic. It is still able to astonish people.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Postmodernist Trends in Projects by Ashton Raggatt McDougall specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contemporary architects create works that make the viewers of their designs feel controversial emotions about them. Maybe, one day the society will get accustomed to the constructions of incredible colours and shapes. However, today such buildings as London’s 30 St Mary Axe (or the Gherkin), the Sage Gateshead in north eastern England or the City Hall, the headquarters of the Greater London Authority, the U.S. Kansas City Public Library and the Aqua Building in Chicago, Illinois all engender heated discussion within society. Australia is no exception, besides its Sydney Opera House which is famous throughout the world, this country has amazed us with Melbourne’s Federation Square, the Sidney Myer Music Bowl and many other incredible buildings. Australian architecture is considered to have its distinctive features that have no precedent in the World. â€Å"Bright orange and curling overhead like a roller-coaster†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"A vibrant palette of crimson, orange, bronze, gold, black and brushed silver†, â€Å"a great light and open space with curving walls, windows and ceilings† (Nma.Gov.Au), it would be quite difficult to guess what this conundrum is about. Nevertheless, this is the description of the National Museum of Australia building. It was constructed by Ashton Raggatt McDougall (ARM), on e of the prominent Australian companies of architects famous of originality of their works. In this essay, the works of ARM are discussed as the incarnation of postmodernist ideas in architecture. The purpose of the essay is observation of ARM’s style and definition of postmodernism â€Å"outside† and â€Å"inside† several projects fulfilled by them; critical reactions on the works by Ashton Raggatt McDougall are observed as well. To advance in the discussion, it is necessary first to discuss the essence of postmodernism as a phenomenon in modern culture. The characteristic features of postmodernist culture are the switch from content to form, collision of different styles and techniques, elimination of standards, canons and the framework of traditional values, aspiration for experiments and originality, exaggerations and play with meaning (Storey, 2009, p.183). Postmodernism tends to eliminate the borders between art and everyday life, â€Å"low† and â⠂¬Å"high† culture†, commercial and not commercial, seriousness and entertainment (ibid.). These principles turned out to be possible to embody in architecture as successfully as in other kinds of art, and the works of ARM are the evidence for this statement. Below, some of the projects by ARM are discussed from the perspective of postmodernist trends in their design.Advertising Looking for critical writing on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bingham-Hall and Goad (2005) highlight that the style of ARM has no analogy in the world. They characterise it as not concerning with â€Å"orthodox notions of architectural space, linguistic conventions or tectonic truth† (p. 75). This is an eloquent illustration of how the postmodernist desire to follow to no standards and frameworks is embodied in architecture. The authors emphasise that the ARM do not demonstrate â€Å"commitment† to a single aest hetic† (ibid.). The architects experiment with shapes and textures, meanings and contexts. Their aim is â€Å"transfiguration, transformation (visual, sensual and spiritual)† (ibid.). The description of the Storey Hall (p. 76) makes one involuntarily think about how strong the aspiration of postmodernism culture for possessing, copying, â€Å"quoting† and then fusing is. The â€Å"devotional† building is coloured â€Å"a vivid green in honor of the Hibernian Irish Catholic Community† and â€Å"purple and white, the colours of the Women’s Political Association† (ibid.). The building has the allusions to â€Å"much loved Melbourne monuments† (ibid.). Moreover, Jackson and Johnson (2002) also mentions the resurrection of the â€Å"ideas from the Romantic period of the early Enlightening† . Another good example of the incarnation of postmodernist ideas in architecture is the â€Å"open book† extension of the St. Kilda Library constructed in the early 1990s. Jackson and Johnson discuss the incredible â€Å"literal symbolism† of the building. In this object constructed of â€Å"bluestone grave like monumental tomes found in local cemeteries, the ARM embodied the idea about the gradual elimination of paper book publishing that existed in 1990s (ibid). This construction is the embodiment of the postmodernism’s desire to focus on â€Å"manners† making â€Å"matters† only a source of new original ideas and associations and express ideas literally (even very literally). The idea of the Library extension makes one think about time and changes that it brings; the idea is significant and important, but the architects prefer to express it in an eloquent, clear manner, not veiling the â€Å"content†; thus, the construction is the â€Å"open book† in all senses of this expression. Thus, it is possible to notice several distinctive features of ARM’s style, whic h are shifting the balance between content and shape, originality and experiments, fusion of history and the present, and â€Å"literal symbolism†. It is easy to see how these principles took shape in one of ARM’s most significant and famous projects, which is the National Museum of Australia (NMA). â€Å"Avoiding traditional museum interpretations, the architects developed a post-modern structure reflecting the diversity of the Museum’s collection†, announces the official website of the NMA (NMA.Gov.Au).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Postmodernist Trends in Projects by Ashton Raggatt McDougall specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This approach to construction of culture and scholarship facilities seems to be ARM’s favorite subject when one recollects the St. Kilda’s Library and the Storey Hall, â€Å"ARM’s architecture highlights the chaos of transformi ng scholarly institutions into commercial sellers of new packages of knowledge to international customers† (Johnson and Jackson, 2002). This quotation eloquently reflects the approach of design of the NMA building: the museum is much more than a store for historical knowledge preserved by the exhibits for the select few; today, it has turned into one of the most popular places of tourism and entertainment in Australia being incredibly popular with the guests of the country. Indeed, the museum sells â€Å"packages of knowledge to international customers† (ibid.). In the construction of the NMA, ARM’s â€Å"literal symbolism† and eagerness towards exaggeration are displayed quite eloquently. Each of its parts is connected with a certain idea. A certain part of the museum’s exhibition spaces the Garden of Australian Dreams, â€Å"a symbolic landscape† with â€Å"large sculptural forms within a body of water† (Nma.Com.Au). It is described as â€Å"a 3D Pop Art street directory of an â€Å"other† Australia† (Bingham-Hall and Goad, p.77), the giant loop and the bright Uluru line (Nma.Com.Au). The architects also play with colours (â€Å"crimson, orange, bronze, gold†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) and textures (â€Å"from smooth finish of the anodized aluminium panels†¦ to the deeply patterned moulded concrete surface†¦) (ibid.). Thus, the NMA has been constructed in ARM’s traditions outlined by the authors of the sources discussed above. Indeed, having constructed their â€Å"most controversial building to date† (Bingham-Hall and Goad, p.77), ARM have done their best to turn the museum into the facility that is able to successfully sell â€Å"packages of knowledge to international consumers†. At the same time, together with the â€Å"postmodernist exterior† of the Museum, the inner space and the exhibitions offered in the NMA diverge from traditional approaches that exist in museol ogy and incline to the ideas of postmodernism, which awakens critics’ controversial remarks but excites the majority of visitors.Advertising Looking for critical writing on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The buildings discussed above have been constructed during the previous decades; it would be interesting to see how postmodernist trends show themselves in ARM’s works today. Now, it is necessary to allude to one of ARM’s latest projects, which is the so-called Portrait Building (completion due 2014) (ARM). During the last decades, the works architects from different countries of the world contributed to the fact that today it is quite difficult to impress citizens with design of a skyscraper. The Gherkin building mentioned in the introduction is just one example, and it is possible to recollect many others. ARM’s new project does not amaze with its strange shape or bright colors. Nor does it imply using some peculiar technology or materials – the building is planned to be constructed of concrete. Its faà §ade just displays†¦ the portrait of William Barak, â€Å"the last traditional ngurungaeta (elder) of the Wurundjeri-willam Clan†, original ly designed by sculptor Peter Schipperheyn (ibid.). The portrait is formed by a series of panels on the balconies and can be seen by viewers from a big distance. The architects describe the project as the â€Å"symbolic representation of Melbourne’s indigenous culture and history† (UAP Marker), which makes one think about the expression â€Å"literal symbolism† by Jackson and Johnson mentioned above. In this project, one may see the fusion of the past and the future, everyday life and culture, painting and architecture, which is very peculiar to postmodernism. The Portrait Building provides high-quality apartments, gives credit for a significant personality of the Australian history, and impresses the observers. In fact, the approach to design of the building is quite similar to that used in construction of the National Museum, where history and modern times, learning and entertainment co-exist and interact. After getting familiarised with ARM’s works, on e may be interested in the critical responses to them. It is quite difficult to imagine that they may not awaken hot discussion with contradicting opinions. It would be reasonable to mark that attitude to ARM’s style has been changing. It has been marked above that there are certain similarities in approach to the design of the Museum and the Portrait Building. At the same time, the critical responses on both projects demonstrated how the viewers gradually â€Å"get used† to ARM’s postmodernist ideas. The projects of the National Museum and the Portrait Building are separated by almost a decade; at the same time, despite the mentioned similarity between the approaches to the design, the responses on the Portrait Building are much warmer than those devoted to the National Museum. The reviews devoted to the National Museum emphasised the presence of postmodernist trends in NMA’s design and, as well as in the approach to developing exhibitions. For example, calling the NMA a â€Å"mishmash†, Tim Lloyd discusses the exhibitions of the museum and compares it to the South Australia Museum (2003, p.68). Lloyd emphasises the eclecticism, inconsistency and presentation of the â€Å"politically charged version of history†. However, this did not hinder for the museum to become a commercially successful project since the first years of its existence (ibid.). Having described the landscape of the Garden of Australian Dreams, Catherin Bull makes the conclusion that it â€Å"has met one of designer’s goals, to challenge the traditions and mores of the profession, and, just as importantly, to be seen to be doing so† (Bull, Stead and Ashton, 2002). At the same time, analogically to Lloyd, Bull mentions that the professional debate about the Garden does not hinder its popularity with children and adults who enjoy the sensation of hyperreality. Talking about the museum and museology, Naomi Stead marks the â€Å"overriding allegory – Australian nationhood as many stories tangled together† (ibid.), which sounds quite consonant with the discussion of ARM’s â€Å"literal symbolism†. Stead nevertheless mentions that in the ways the exhibitions are organised and placed, â€Å"the relationship seems less successful† (ibid.). This makes one think about Lloyd’s statement about the inconsistence of the museum. Thus, though admitting that the NMA is popular with visitors, reviewers are somewhat critical regarding the postmodernist approach in NMA’s museology. Postmodernist trends are considered as the way to attract attention and impress rather than deliver useful, serious information. Despite this criticism, the NMA also had a range of positive reviews – for example, Drayson says that â€Å"its value to our cultural heritage†¦ cannot be measured in dollars and cents† (2001). When viewing the bidy of critical response as a whole skepticism was n evertheless prevailing rather than excitement and approval. However, comparison of the NMA reviews and those devoted to the Portrait Building demonstrates that today the society is more ready to accept the architects’ ideas expressed in the â€Å"postmodernist manner†. The reviews devoted to the Portrait Building emphasise that besides its originality, the project has a significant message which is important to deliver to the modern Australian society. In a bright, â€Å"popular† manner, the architects give viewers opportunity to think about history and keep its outstanding personalities in their memory. â€Å"The Wurundjeri community is very moved by this gesture and appreciates the respect that both Grocon and ARM have shown in developing this exciting concept†, says Megan Goulding, the Wurundjeri Tribal Land Council CEO (CSR Wire). The government also supports the idea of the Portrait building, â€Å"†¦This commemoration of the life of William Ba rak is one that the Victorian Government certainly applauds†, says Richard Wynne, Victorian Aboriginal Affairs Minister (ibid.). Architects also give positive evaluation to the ARM’s project, â€Å"Congratulations to ARM on an excellent site-specific integration of artwork and architecture. It is sure to make a strong and lasting contribution to the site and the city† (UAP Marker). It is interesting that not only architects and critics give positive evaluation to the Portrait building; ordinary citizens also support the project. The poll carried out by Heraldsun (Barry) demonstrates that about two thirds of the participants (711 of 1101) like the design of the building, and only 390 participants expressed their dislike towards it. Thus, it is reasonable to emphasize two changes that are demonstrated by the critical reviews of two abovementioned buildings. Firstly, the society is not afraid of â€Å"literal symbolism† any more; nor is it irritated by it. Fo r a long time, absence of any allegory in art, particularly, in architecture, was considered the manifestation of bad manners. A library building in the form of a book, a portrait on the building – yet several decades ago such approaches to expression of ideas would be evaluated as shallow and tasteless. However, today â€Å"manners† are not expected to be an unpretentious instrument used to tell about â€Å"matters†. The second dramatic change is the reduction of the gap between education and entertainment. The National Museum was criticized by many critics, as museums were expected to provide visitors with important information and hardly be the place for fun. Today, the â€Å"educative function† of the Portrait building is beyond question for people. â€Å"†¦I suspect a lot of people will read a whole lot of things into this†, says Daniel Grollo, Groco chief executive (Barry). The review of four projects developed by ARM gives us opportunit y to notice eloquent manifestations of postmodernist trends in ARM’s creative works. The NMA and other designs of ARM are considered to be full of â€Å"literal symbolism†, eclecticism and aspiration for breaking the rules of architecture. The exhibitions of the museum, despite being evaluated by some reviewers as inconsistent and politically subjective, prove to be commercially successful, which means that ARM really succeeded to construct an object that has become a â€Å"commercial seller of new packages of knowledge to international customers†. The architects do not tend to create â€Å"empty† shallow projects; each of them has its idea, a message to the community. At the same time, ARM do not â€Å"draw a veil† over these ideas like artists of the period of modernism did; the message of ARM’s works is clear to ordinary citizens, which is the manifestation of the postmodernist elimination of the border between â€Å"elite† and â⠂¬Å"popular† art. Observation of the reviews devoted to ARM’s projects has demonstrated that the society is gradually â€Å"getting used† to the postmodernist trends in architecture and now welcomes the mentioned approaches in design of buildings. References ARM, 2010. Portrait. ARM. Available through:  https://armarchitecture.com.au/projects/  . Barry, E., 2010. Building with Portrait of Leader to Become Melbourne’s newest landmark. Heraldsun, Sept 15 2010. Web. Bingham-Hall, P. and Goad, P., 2005. New Directions in Australian Architecture. Singapore: Periplus. Bull, C. Stead, N. and Ashton, S., 2002. Landscape, Museology, and Alliance. Architecture Australia, 91(2). Available through: Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre. CSR Wire, 2010. Portrait Building Launched at Carlton Brewery Site. CSR Wire. Available through:  https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/30682-Portrait-Building-Launched-at-Carlton-Brewery-Site . Drayson, N., 2001. National Muse um of Australia. Australian Geographic, 61. Available through: Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre. Jackson, D. and Johnson, C., 2002. Australian Architecture Now. London: Thames Hudson. Lloyd, T., 2002. Museum a Cultural Mishmash. Advertiser, The Jan 27 2003. Available through: Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database . Storey, J., 2009. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. 5th ed. New York, London: Pearson Longman. UAP Marker, 2010. Portrait Building. UAP Marker 16 Sept 2010. Web. 4 Pictures (Illustrations for the text) Portrait Building http://urbanneighbourhood.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Portrait-building-1.jpg Storey Hall http://www.thecollectormm.com.au/gallery/photography/City/slides/RMIT3.jpg St Kilda Library https://farm4.static.flickr.com/3541/3502272251_c2658098b7.jpg?v=0 NMA https://www.thecityreview.com/arcnowa.jpg This critical writing on Postmodernist Trends in Projects by Ashton Raggatt McDougall was written and submitted by user Manta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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The Americans invaded Mexico on two fronts and captured Mexico City in May of 1848. As devastating as the war was for Mexico, the peace was worse. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming to the United States in exchange for $15 million and forgiveness of about $3 million more in debts. 5. The War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) The most devastating war ever fought in South America, the War of the Triple Alliance pitted Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil against Paraguay. When Uruguay was attacked by Brazil and Argentina in late 1864, Paraguay came to its aid and attacked Brazil. Ironically, Uruguay, then under a different president, switched sides and fought against its former ally. By the time the war was over, hundreds of thousands had died and Paraguay was in ruins. It would take decades for the nation to recover. 6. The War of the Pacific (1879–1884) In 1879, Chile and Bolivia went to war after spending decades bickering over a border dispute. Peru, which had a military alliance with Bolivia, was drawn into the war as well. After a series of major battles at sea and on land, the Chileans were victorious. By 1881 the Chilean army had captured Lima and by 1884 Bolivia signed a truce. As a result of the war, Chile gained the disputed coastal province once and for all, leaving Bolivia landlocked, and also gained the province of Arica from Peru. The Peruvian and Bolivian nations were devastated, needing years to recover. 7.  The Construction of the Panama Canal (1881–1893, 1904–1914) The completion of the  Panama Canal  by Americans in 1914 marked the end of a remarkable and ambitious feat of engineering. The results have been felt ever since, as the canal has drastically changed worldwide shipping. Less known are the political consequences of the canal, including the  secession  of Panama from Colombia (with the encouragement of the United States) and the profound effect the canal has had on the internal reality of Panama ever since. 8.  The Mexican Revolution (1911–1920) A revolution of impoverished peasants against an entrenched wealthy class, the Mexican Revolution shook the world and forever altered the trajectory of Mexican politics. It was a bloody war, which included horrific battles,  massacres, and assassinations. The  Mexican Revolution  officially ended in 1920 when Alvaro Obregà ³n became the last general standing after years of conflict, although the fighting continued for another decade. As a result of the revolution, land reform finally took place in Mexico, and the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), the political party that rose from the rebellion, stayed in power until the 1990s. 9.  The Cuban Revolution  (1953–1959) When  Fidel Castro, his brother  Raà ºl  and a ragged band of followers  attacked the barracks at Moncada  in 1953, they may not have known they were taking the first step to one of the most significant revolutions of all time. With the promise of economic equality for all, the rebellion grew until 1959, when Cuban President  Fulgencio Batista  fled the country and victorious rebels filled the streets of Havana. Castro established a communist regime, building close ties  with  the Soviet Union, and stubbornly defied every attempt the  United States  could think of to remove him from power. Ever  since  that time, Cuba has either been a festering sore of totalitarianism in an increasingly democratic  world  or a beacon of hope for all anti-imperialists, depending on your point of view. 10. Operation Condor (1975–1983) In the mid-1970s, the governments of the southern cone of  South America- Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay,  Bolivia, and Uruguay- had several things in common. They were ruled by conservative regimes, either dictators or military juntas, and they had a growing problem with opposition forces and dissidents.  They, therefore,  established Operation Condor, a collaborative effort to round up and kill or otherwise silence their enemies. By the time it ended, thousands were dead or missing and the trust of South Americans in their leaders was forever shattered. Although new facts come out occasionally and some of the worst perpetrators have been brought to justice, there are still many questions about this sinister operation and those behind it. Sources and Further Reading Gilbert, Michael Joseph, Catherine LeGrand, and Ricardo Donato Salvatore. Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1988.LaRosa, Michael and German R. Mejia. An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 2018.Moya, Jose C. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Weber, David J., and Jane M. Rausch. Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 1994.

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Discussion Questions Week One - Essay Example When applying a check and balance system in a business function, the most common approach is auditing. Outside auditors help business with inventory, expenditures, payroll, business credit cards, and so forth. This helps check employees and management holding them accountable for their business practices. On the other hand, if an auditor does not do a good job, like in the case of Enron’s auditors they can be held accountable to state and federal law. The three check and balance branches of the government can also be useful in business. Laws, implementing the laws, and enforcing the laws constitutionally can help businesses. I would apply a check and balance system similar to the federal checks and balance system. Charles-Louis de Secondat, a French philosopher, introduced the concept several hundred years ago of separation of powers. It has been used as an example for not only the U.S., but many other democracies. The check and balance I would apply would be managerial (Executive), board of directors (Legislative), and shareholders (Judicial). These branches could execute many decisions, like the auditor brought in by the board of directors, or even a merger voted on by shareholders. The value of the checks and balance system on a business would depend on how successful the business was. Enron and WorldCom did not have a good check and balance system or they would not have gone bankrupt. On the other hand, Exxon/Mobile, IBM, and other successful companies execute their checks and balance system efficiently, hence their success. 2. What are some examples of several methods of discovery? How would you differentiate between these types of discoveries? How would you determine what must be provided by the party receiving the discovery request? A few examples of discovery are depositions, interrogatories, request for an admission, request for a physical examination (teeth impressions, DNA, hair

Black Codes Essay Example for Free

Black Codes Essay The black codes were a another word for hate, and the reason I say this because the true meaning of The black codes is a law that stops the blacks from having freedom, and later on they would begin to Force them into owing or as I was taught debt. With legal prohibitions of slavery ordered by the Emancipation Proclamation, acts of state legislature, and eventually the Thirteenth Amendment, Southern states adopted new laws to regulate Black life. This was a very serious law for the blacks it was Mean and made them seem like they weren’t people just like they did the grandfather clause and I say This wasn’t a very good matter. This was like the grandfather clause the code is to watch the movement From theirs to the south some laws say black can’t hold guns and cant trade produce and they said this To want them back on the plantation. â€Å"The black codes were passed by the ex-confederate states after the civil war, the purpose of the Black codes were to keep freed slaves in a servitude state, to ensure cheap agricultural labor, and to Keep a white dominate position†. Yes I say they are right because through the research I found this was The one most popular it was well written it talks about cause it talks about what I said in the first Paragraph. Example; Arkansas passed a law prohibiting colored people to Immigrate to Arkansas Another example is Texas required railroad companies to have separate cars for Black and white people And my last example is Arkansas required separate schools for white and black People, they also made a Law called the vagrancy law which meant â€Å"Any person that a law enforcement Officer or judge deemed To be unemployed and not owning property could be arrested and charged as a Vagrancy†. -History. com Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts from 1866-1867, and passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and civil rights legislation, helped to greatly eliminate the Black codes. The Union victory in The Civil War may have given some 4 million slaves their freedom, but African Americans faced a new Onslaught of obstacles and injustices during the Reconstruction era (1865-1877). By late 1865, when the 13th Amendment officially outlawed the institution of slavery, the question of freed blacks status in the Postwar South was still very much unresolved. The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped the former slaves in the workplace. It tried to make sure that The former slaves received fair wages and freely choose their employers. The bureau created special The bureau created special Courts to settle disputes between black workers and their white Employers. It could also intervene in other cases that threatened the rights of freedmen. The South Carolina code included a contract form for black â€Å"servants† who agreed to work for white masters. The Form required that the wages and the Term of service be in writing. The contract had to be witnessed And then approved by a judge. Other Provisions of the code listed the rights and obligations of the Servant and master. Black servants had to Reside on the employer’s property, remain quiet and orderly, Work from sunup to sunset except on Sundays, and not leave the premises or receive visitors without the Master’s permission. Masters could moderately whip servants under 18 to discipline them. Whipping Older servants required a judge’s Order. Time lost due to illness would be deducted from the servant’s Wages. Servants who quit before the end date of their labor contract forfeited their wages and could be Arrested and returned to their Masters by a judge’s order. On the other hand, the law protected black Servants from being forced to do Unreasonable tasks. This is how the 1800’s were they were very mean, cruel and they never thought about anybody But there self and I think that the black codes is just a distraction from what they really and I say that They are all people the black the whites and all the other races it just took them long enough to realize That and I say that is very poorly of them because doesn’t matter what you look like or what you wear Or what your skin color is people are people and we all need to accept that. This is the reason why I Chose the black codes there is no other reason I chose it because people found out the truth that we are A Special in different ways and I like the way we get along to day without racism.

Personal Goals Essay -- English Literature Essays

Personal Goals As most of my peers, I have been asking myself a question, what do I want out of my life? This question bothers many people, and not only the college students who are trying to figure out the path that will lead them to the comfortable life. One might ask, what is that comfort that we all are striving for? Is it a state of mind or is it some unknown world that we are so eager to enter. It varies from person to person; there are several aspects, such the way were raised, making, of our lives that could influence a person and the future decisions that we’ll make. The biggest part of our decision-making is the way we were raised and the culture we have gotten used to. Many Americans believe that the success depends on the family background that we have. There are those who say that if the person was raised in a rich family, all opportunities are available to them and there is a high chance that this person will live a comfortable life. The same people say that if the person was raised in a poor family there are too many obstacles to overcome and most of the time these barriers on the way are too hard to cross. On the other hand, there are those people who say that the America is a land of opportunities and any person could achieve their goals if they set their mind to it. Sarah, a good friend was born in a rich family. She never had to worry about the basic needs like food, shelter or security, and all the resources were provided thanks to the excessive amo...

Project management process Essay

Which of the four phases of the project management process do you feel is most challenging? Why? The focus of project closedown is to bring the project to an end. Projects can conclude with a natural or unnatural termination. A natural termination occurs when the requirements of the project have been met—the project has been completed and is a success. Closing down the project. During closedown, you perform several diverse activities. Conducting postproject reviews. Once you have closed down the project, final reviews of the project should be conducted with management and customers. Closing the customer contract. The focus of this final activity is to ensure that all contractual terms of the project have been met. A project governed by a contractual agreement is typically not completed until agreed to by both parties, often in writing. Closedown is an important activity. A project is not complete until it is closed, and it is at closedown that projects are deemed a success or failure. Completion also signifies the chance to begin a new project and apply what you have learned. Now that you have an understanding of the project management process, the next section describes specific techniques used in systems development for representing and scheduling activities and resources. What are some sources of risk in a systems analysis and design project, and how does a project manager cope with risk during the stages of project management? The purpose of systems analysis and design is for a business to increase their efficiency, because when you look at a current system you will see flaws that need fixed ans within the new system that you design you will take these into consideration. A new system will make the the business more profitable. The Capital Project Risk Management Process is intended to result in the effective management of project risks (threats and opportunities). The objective of the project risk management process is to help project sponsors and project teams to make informed decisions regarding project alternatives. The project manager, project sponsor, and project team members jointly develop a written plan that enables them to identify, assess, quantify, prepare a response to, monitor, and control capital project risks. There are two stages in the process of Project Risk Management, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Risk Assessment can take place at any time during the project, though the sooner the better. However, Risk Control cannot be effective without a previous Risk Assessment. Similarly, most people tend to think that having performed a Risk Assessment, they have done all that is needed. Far too many projects spend a great deal of effort on Risk Assessment and then ignore Risk control completely. Search the Web for recent reviews of project management software. Which packages seem to be most popular? What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of each package? What advice would you give to someone intending to buy project management software for his or her PC? Why? There are basically two types of online PM applications that can be accessed and utilized with any compatible web browser. The first and most common type is web-based software that is hosted and maintained by a third party, such as Project Genius and Basecamp. These products offer numerous advantages, especially for those groups who are spread out over a large geographical area or who spend a lot of time traveling. The main selling point for these tools is that all you need is an Internet connection to access your project information. That is, there’s no need to worry about remotely connecting to your company server or to lug around copies of data on external storage devices. An added bonus is that multiple people can access and modify the same information simultaneously, so there’s no confusion about which version of a project management form is the most recent. One downside of these applications hosted by third-parties is that most have some sort of monthly fee associated with them, and these fees can start to add up fast. However, there are some services, including Basecamp and Central Desktop, which offer free accounts to those with limited needs. Others, such as Clarizen, offer substantial discounts if you subscribe for an extended period of time and pay for that subscription in advance. A nice thing about the free accounts provided by certain vendors is that they can be upgraded to full paid accounts at any time. So, even if you think that the free version of these applications won’t be enough for your project management needs in the long run, you can still test them out without spending a dime. Another disadvantage of these third-party services that may be a deal-breaker for some is that you are basically locked in to the design and format of the software. That is, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to modify the application so that it includes all the fields and forms you need as well as get rid of all the ones you don’t. If the ability to do this is high on your list, you may be better off going with self-hosted, open-source project management software. I’ll talk more about this option in the next section. Suppose that you have been contracted by a jewelry store to manage a project to create a new inventory tracking system. Describe your initial approach to the project. What should your first activity be? What information would you need? To whom might you need to speak? Initiating the project. Establishing the project initiation team. This activity involves organizing an initial core of project team members to assist in accomplishing the project initiation activities. Establishing a relationship with the customer. A thorough understanding of your customer builds stronger partnerships and higher levels of trust. At PVF, management has tried to foster strong working relationships between business units (such as purchasing) and the IS development group by assigning a specific individual to work as a liaison between both groups. Establishing the project initiation plan. This step defines the activities required to organize the initiation team while it is working to define the scope of the project. Chris’s role was to help Juanita translate her business requirements into a written request for an improved information system. This task required the collection, analysis, organization, and transformation of a lot of information. Establishing management procedures. Successful projects require the development of effective management procedures. Within PVF, many of these management procedures had been established as standard operating procedures by the Systems Priority Board and the IS development group. Establishing the project management environment and project workbook. The focus of this activity is to collect and organize the tools that you will use while managing the project and to construct the project workbook. Developing the project charter. The project charter is a short (typically one page), high-level document prepared for the customer that describes what the project will deliver and outlines many of the key elements of the project. I need to speak to the manager of this company and find the warehouse keeper, because he know the inventory clearly. If I were an employee at Petrie’s Electronics, I would work on this project because a project scope statement is a short document prepared primarily for the customer to clearly describe what the project will deliver and outline generally at a high level all work required for completing the project. Jim was successes to briefly introduce this new project and its objectives to the customer. He also claimed what opportunity and project benefits will bring to the company. We can clearly see the team members and their responsibility and the general estimated project duration. This project scope statement is good, but there are some problems: they need project deliverables and the stakeholders can not show in this document. In addition, the objective of this project cannot enforce customers to regard our products as the first and only choice, this project should be track customer purchase to forecast buying patterns and serve better customer services by this new customer relationship management system. Tangible cost includes hardware and software cost, labor cost, and operational costs from employee training and building renovations.Intangible cost includes loss of time to decision or conflict, employee morale and operational inefficiency.This project will directly bring intangible benefits like organizational and operational benefits: increased employee morale, increased organizational flexibility and competitive necessity, first to market. Every project has risks. Now Jim’s team just has a general idea and plan to this project, but it is still a high-risk project. After they correct the scope statement, they must face some feasibility concerns like operational, technical and schedule feasibility. Because this is a new and challenging system, hardware, software and operating system to be used are very important; the process of examining the system also will be a big risk in the future. If I were part of Jim’s team, the team’s risk is my risk. That is not a big deal; I think we can pass it over together. On this case, if I work in this Jim’s team, I am worrying about operational risk because in current days, competition is fierce and technology changes fast, I hope this system can fit the day-to-day operations of the organization.

Historical Roots of Psychology Essay

Psychology is a relatively new science, having emerged as a formal discipline only during the 19th century. It, however, came into existence due to the philosophical aim of understanding and explaining the nature of the mind and the soul. Physiology was later integrated into psychology when the latter sought to discover the causes and the cure for mental illness. Historical Roots of Psychology Psychology is considered as one of the youngest sciences – it emerged as a formal discipline only during the 19th century. Ironically, the historical roots of psychology can be traced back to the ancient field of philosophy. Throughout history, philosophers and religious scholars have sought to understand and explain the nature of the mind and the soul. This objective, in turn, resulted in the institution of psychology as an official school of thought (MSN Encarta, 2008). Ancient Philosophers and Philosophies Greek philosophers started venturing into psychological topics from about 600 to 300 BC. They were said to be most interested in epistemology, a philosophical sub-discipline which studied the nature of knowledge and human existence. As a result, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle wrote extensively about topics such as knowledge, beauty, desire, free will and common sense (MSN Encarta, 2008). The immense interest of the Greek philosophers in epistemology led to the creation of cosmology, the â€Å"study of the universe as a whole, including its distant past and future† (MSN Encarta, 2008). They must have realized that the nature of the universe determined the existence of its inhabitants, including human beings. Contentions French philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes, however, disagreed with the views of the ancient Greek thinkers – he believed that the mind and the body were independent units. The body was a physical entity while the mind was a spiritual one – the pineal gland (a tiny organ found at the base of the brain) was their sole means of interaction. English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, meanwhile, argued that all human experiences (images, sensations, feelings and thoughts) were actually physical processes that took place within the nervous system and the brain. This belief eventually became the basis for monism, a philosophical school of thought which argued that â€Å"the mind and the body are one and the same† (MSN Encarta, 2008). At present, however, psychologists no longer recognize monism due to the immense scientific evidence that validate the intertwined relationship between the physical and mental aspects of human experience (MSN Encarta, 2008). Early Psychology It is widely believed that psychology became a science in 1879. In this year, physiologist Wilhelm Wundt established the first laboratory dedicated to the scientific study of the mind at the University of Leipzig in Leipzig, Germany. Since the late 18th and early 19th centuries, physiology has already been integrated into psychology. Some experts believed that specific parts of the brain were responsible for certain brain activities (MSN Encarta, 2008). This idea paved the way for the creation of psychological subfields whose theories and principles are being used in modern-day psychology. Functionalism Functionalism was one of the most well-known psychological schools of thought during the first decades of psychology. Its founder, William James, was a staunch advocate of Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory that â€Å"all characteristics of a species must serve some adaptive purpose† (MSN Encarta, 2008). Consequently, James created a psychological subfield which espoused the investigation of the purpose of consciousness instead of its structure. Functional psychologists later came up with the longitudinal research, a technique which was composed of interviewing, testing and observing one person over a long period of time. In using this system, the psychologist can make and record observations on a patient’s development and his or her response to different situations (MSN Encarta, 2008). Sigmund Freud Viennese neurologist Sigmund Freud was one of the most prominent figures in the field of psychology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for his personality theory of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis operated on the premise that â€Å"people are motivated largely by unconscious forces (such as) strong sexual and aggressive drives† (MSN Encarta, 2008). Although humans have the capability to suppress their unconscious motives, it is necessary for them to find a suitable outlet if they wish to maintain a healthy personality (MSN Encarta, 2008). Psychoanalysis eventually became a form of psychotherapy through the technique of free association. Freud developed free association as a means of probing the unconscious mind. In this technique, the patient is made to lie down and talk about whatever thoughts, wishes and memories that come to his or her mind. The analyst, in turn, determines the psychological significance of these verbalizations by attempting to interpret them. For Freud, dreams were the â€Å"royal road to the unconscious† – the disguised expressions of deep, hidden impulses (MSN Encarta, 2008). Behaviorism Behaviorism was formed in the 1990s mainly as a response to Freudian psychology. Psychologists who followed the former contested the reliability and usefulness of studying invisible mental processes such as consciousness and unconsciousness. For them, it was better to analyze only behavior that could be directly observed rather than interpreting the vague manifestations of a given behavior. Because of its relatively more scientific methods, behaviorism dominated the field of psychology for almost 50 years (MSN Encarta, 2008). Two of the most well-known experiments in behaviorism are those by American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike (1898) and Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1906). Thorndike’s tests on cats produced the law of effect, which argued that â€Å"behaviors that are followed by a positive outcome are repeated, while those followed by a negative outcome or none at all are extinguished† (MSN Encarta, 2008). Pavlov’s research on dogs, on the other hand, resulted in the Pavlovian conditioning (also known as classical conditioning). According to the Pavlovian conditioning, it is possible for an organism to relate one stimulus to another (MSN Encarta, 2008). Conclusion It is true that psychology emerged as a formal discipline only during the 19th century and is mostly a combination of philosophical and physiological concepts. But these did not hinder psychology from being a very advanced school of thought today. One of the most important contributions of psychology is the proper treatment of mental illnesses. Prior to the advent of psychology, mentally ill people were believed to be possessed with evil spirits. As a result, they were subjected to physical torture in order to release the malevolent beings that were â€Å"controlling† them. Furthermore, advances in the field of psychology that were geared towards improving mental health just goes to show that medicine has already progressed so much as well. Health is no longer defined as merely being free of disease but also having a vigorous mind. The body, after all, cannot function without the mind and vice versa. References MSN Encarta. (2008). Cosmology. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761564398/Cosmology. html MSN Encarta. (2008). Psychology. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761576533/Psychology. html

Kantian and Utilitarian Ethics

Kantian and Utilitarian Ethics A look at the way the society functions often shows that ethics play a critical role in balancing the developments in the ethical and economic realms of the society. Oscar Romero focused on moral and religious teachings, which had a resounding effect on the public and political discourse in Salvador.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Kantian and Utilitarian Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having ascended to the position of the Archbishop at the time when a civil war had broken up in Salvador, Romero was a key force in determining the fate and the identity of Salvador. The civil war in Salvador was largely fueled by economic forces, mainly the struggle for land, which later took other dimensions like the religious dimension. As a religious leader, Romero made a substantial number of moral judgments that were favorable in restoring the identity of Salvador by way of propelling the Salvadorians towards promot ing a course for social justice. Romero asserted that, â€Å"I will not tire of declaring that if we really want an effective end to violence we must remove the violence that lies at the root of all violence: structural violence, social injustice, exclusion of citizens from the management of the country, repression† (Romero 2). Here, it makes sense to bring in the observation by Immanuel Kant, who was very passionate about the subject of goodwill and enshrined in the actions of people. Kant opines that, â€Å"further still; if nature has put little sympathy in the heart of this or that man; if he, supposed to be an upright man, is by temperament cold and indifferent to the sufferings of others (Kant 196). Here, the most important thing to do is to assess whether Romero was sympathetic in his religious course. Romero was articulate in the manner in which he looked at religion as a possible factor in uniting Salvador. This comes out in the assertion that, Romero valued the mor al attribute of equality by insisting on the fact that men were equal to women and both had a role to play in the continuity of the society.Advertising Looking for assessment on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, it can be argued that Romero was sympathetic to the people of Salvador, thus he decided to address the suffrage of the people of Salvador by helping them to promote a social course to address their own social problems. It is through this doctrine that most of the issues regarding the conflict over land in Salvador were solved. The likening of the historical suffering of the people of Salvador to the suffering of Christ was a critical step in fueling the search for equality and identity of the people of Salvador. Perhaps, it is more meaningful to bring in the argument about moral course as promoted by John Stuart Mill on moral course through the principle of utilitarianism. It is also worth bringing in the observation that, â€Å"utilitarianism, therefore, could only attain its end by the general cultivation of nobleness of character, even if each individual were only benefited by the nobleness of others, and his own, so far as happiness is concerned, were a sheer deduction from the benefit† (Mills 234). According to the works of Romero, it eludes a lot of confidence to conclude that Romero maintains a noble character not only on his part, but also on the part of the Salvadorians for whom he seeks justice and a social course. Though it takes place through a intense social course, it has desirable intentions of promoting a just society. A look at the ethical works by Romero denotes the embrace of what can be termed as liberation theology. The question that ought to be answered at this point is how the actions and practices that were embraced by Romero can be likened to the utilitarian philosophy as embraced by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Utilitaria nism is a philosophy that alleges that people are supposed to embrace actions that maximize happiness over pain. One critical observation that was made by Kant is that the maximization of utility is highly required because it promotes the well-being of people in the society.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Kantian and Utilitarian Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in a similar sense, Kant observes that there are certain circumstances where the maximization of utility is undesirable as it contributes to human suffering. Turning back to the works and activities of Romero, it is apparent that Romero was a utilitarian philosopher in the sense that he supported a cause whose aim was to enhance the identity of the people of Salvador. The worth of men is derived from freedom, which is the key characteristic as far as differentiating man from other creatures is concerned. However, the other critical conce rn that was raised by Kant is the manner in which freedom is attained by human beings, which in turn promotes the happiness of people. This is an important point because a lot of people desire and press for freedom without considering the level at which the paths that they pursue promote the well-being or the happiness of other people. What comes into the mind at this point is whether the paths that were used by Romero to attain happiness for the people of Salvador embraced a course of justice for all people in the society. The most intriguing thing is that Kant is seen as mounting opposition to utilitarianism because he sees it as a moral principle that pays more attention to the outcomes of actions, devoid of paying attention to the morality that lies in the paths that are used to gain happiness. Based on the argument by Kant about the need to embrace morality in the practices that are supposed to result in happiness, it is imperative to note that the vision of good living conditi ons in Salvador as embedded in the social and religious course of Romero paid a lot of attention to the minimization of actions that could result in harming the society. Romero was quite attentive to the observation of morality in the course that he promoted. Here, it makes sense to conclude that Romero kept his actions within the confines of order in the sense that he did not want to see anybody harmed through the cause that he was promoting in Salvador. As one of the liberal thinkers of the 19th century, John Stuart Mills brings in the concept of maximizing welfare as the desirable end result of the actions of people in the society.Advertising Looking for assessment on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mill was very articulate on the issue of moral motivation when it comes to the maximization of the welfare of the people. When speaking of welfare, it makes sense to observe that Romero was one of the people who pushed for a social cause that sought to promote the welfare of the people in Salvador. Kant, Immanuel. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. In Gordon, Marino D. Ethics: The Essential Writings. New York: Modern Library, 2010. Print. Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. In Gordon, Marino D. Ethics: The Essential Writings. New York: Modern Library, 2010. Print. Romero, Oscar. Archbishop Oscar Romero. Web.

European Court of Justice on the Free Movement of Workers Essay

European Court of Justice on the Free Movement of Workers - Essay Example e territory of Member States for this purpose; (c) to stay in a Member State for the purpose of employment in accordance with the provisions governing the employment of nationals of that State laid down by law, regulation or administrative action; (d) to remain in the territory of a Member State after having been employed in that State, subject to conditions which shall be embodied in implementing regulations to be drawn up by the Commission. 4. The provisions of this article shall not apply to employment in the public service. The freedom of movement for workers is one of the four essential economic freedoms guaranteed under the treaty; namely, free movement of goods, services, labour and capital. This right has both the ‘horizontal effect’ and the ‘vertical direct effect’. This effectively means that a private citizen cannot only move against state or governmental agencies, but also seek redressal for infringement by private and non-governmental persons. ( Case C-415/93)4. Historical Background In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community, (ECSC) contained the first provision with respect to some basic measures aimed at facilitating the free movement of workers within the EU. This provision required the member states to remove any and all nationality-based restrictions for the citizens with respect to employment within the coal and steel industry. However, this provision also stipulated that only qualified workers within the coal and steel sectors were accorded this privilege and not any other skilled workforce. The most monumental development as far the free movement of workers is concerned happened in the year 1957 with the creation of the European Economic Community.5 Art. 39 of the EC Treaty empowered workers within the EC to accept any offers of... The paper tells that in 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community, (ECSC) contained the first provision with respect to some basic measures aimed at facilitating the free movement of workers within the EU. This provision required the member states to remove any and all nationality-based restrictions for the citizens with respect to employment within the coal and steel industry. However, this provision also stipulated that only qualified workers within the coal and steel sectors were accorded this privilege and not any other skilled workforce. The most monumental development as far the free movement of workers is concerned happened in the year 1957 with the creation of the European Economic Community. Art. 39 of the EC Treaty empowered workers within the EC to accept any offers of employment made by any other member state. As a natural corollary, it also empowered such persons to move freely within the EC Community as well as reside and remain within such state for the purposes of e mployment. However, it is also pertinent to note that these rights were accorded with certain reasonable limitations which were duly justified on the grounds of public policy, public security, public health and the like. The right was also not applicable in the case of employment in public service. While it is evident that these restrictions are not merely based on purely economic considerations, and also take into account certain sociological elements, the fine print with respect to the restriction is actually contained in the two implicit limitations which have been concealed within the justified ground of public policy.

Write four articles based on four press releases Assignment

Write four articles based on four press releases - Assignment Example All around the globe, air travel security, was changed to curb terrorism, world leaders and many other citizens paused to reflect the events to commemorate the victims of the al-Qaeda. At around 8:46 am E.T there was a moment of silence for 17 minutes, they are the exact time when the air lines flight 11 and airlines 175 were hijacked by nine men conspired in al-Qaeda plot which slammed twin towers. Retired police department of New York still remembers his wife and his fellow officers, the only female who died at the twin towers. She was on duty several kilometers away, when she heard a jet slammed into the world business center before she went to assist the south tower collapsed, and she killed. It is a reminder that menace still remains 10 years after thousands of people were killed, and four months after their leader were killed by the US special force. The article was from the CBC world news which reminds the Americans about a day they will live to remember. A trusted courier to bin laden, who had been followed by the American spies, was finally located in a residential area 35 mile to the north of Pakistani capital. The property was so large and secure making US officials doubt whether it was built for just a courier. This was followed by eight months of serious intelligence works that lead to a helicopter assault that saw the death of bin laden on a Sunday. American officials have it that he was shot in the head and that one of his sons died with him (Michael, 2007). This operation had been an American army highest priority operation. The CIA monitored the operations on a 12-foot-high mansion valued at $1 million with neither an internet connection nor a telephone line. The CIA believed that this building was specially built, in 2005, to hide bin laden. Mr. Obama hold various security meeting before the final plans were put in place. The Pakistani government was not involved as they had previously denied claims that Osama